Orthopedics and Arthroplasty

Knee Arthroplasty, is a surgical procedure to change the weight-bearing surfaces of the knee joint to relieve pain and disability. It is most commonly done for osteoarthritis and also for other knee diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriatic arthritis. In patients with severe deformity from advanced rheumatoid arthritis, trauma, or long-standing osteoarthritis, the surgery may be more difficult and carry greater risk.

Osteoarthritis is a group of mechanical abnormalities resulting in joint destruction, which can occur in the wrist. These deformities include degeneration of cartilage and hypertrophic bone changes, which can lead to pain, swelling and loss of function. Osteoarthritis of the wrist is one of the most common conditions seen by hand surgeons.

Elbow and shoulder replacements are less common than hip and knee replacements because there is normally less wear and tear on those joints, and patients often tolerate elbow and shoulder arthritis better than hip and knee conditions. The primary reason for doing a total elbow or shoulder replacement is pain. Another subgroup of candidates for the procedures includes patients with unreconstructable joint fractures. Total shoulder and total elbow replacement are more common in older patients, because the prostheses tend to have a finite life expectancy usually around 15 years and because the condition of younger patients suffering from joint difficulties can often be improved without surgery.

ACL reconstruction surgery uses a graft to replace the ligament. The most common grafts are autografts using part of your own body, such as the tendon of the kneecap (patellar tendon) or one of the hamstring tendons. Another choice is allograft tissue, which is taken from a deceased donor. Repair surgery typically is used only in the case of an avulsion fracture (a separation of the ligament and a piece of the bone from the rest of the bone). In this case, the bone fragment connected to the ACL is reattached to the bone.

The anterior cruciate ligament is one of a pair of cruciate ligaments in the human knee. They are also termed cruciform ligaments as they are arranged in a traversed formation. In the quadruped stifle joint based on its anatomical position, it is also denoted to as the cranial cruciate ligament. The anterior cruciate ligament is one of the four main ligaments of the knee, and the ACL provides maximum restraining force to anterior tibial movement at 30 degrees and 90 degrees of knee flexion

Orthopaedics is an important medical field that emphases on the diagnosis, care, and treatment of patients with disorders of the bones, joints, muscles, ligaments, tendons, nerves, and skin. These fundamentals make up the musculoskeletal system. The orthopaedic surgeon also works closely with other health care professionals and often serves as a consultant to other physicians. Orthopaedic surgeons play a key role in the organization and delivery of emergency care. 

A hip fracture is a Spartan femoral fracture that occurs in the proximal end of the femur near the hip. The term "hip fracture" is commonly used to signify to four different fracture patterns and is often due to osteoporosis; in the vast majority of cases, a hip fracture is a fragility fracture due to a fall or minor trauma in someone with weakened osteoporotic bone. Most hip fractures in people with normal bone are the result of high-energy trauma such as car accidents, falling from elevations, or sports injuries.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disorder that typically affects the small joints in your hands and feet. Unlike the wear-and-tear damage of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis affects the lining of joints, causing a painful swelling that can eventually result in bone erosion and joint deformity. Signs and symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis may include: Tender, warm, swollen joints, Morning stiffness that may last for hours, Firm bumps of tissue under the skin on your arms (rheumatoid nodules). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a form of arthritis that causes pain, swelling, stiffness and loss of function in your joints. It can affect any joint but is common in the wrist and fingers.

Physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R), also stated to as physiatry, is a medical field concerned with diagnosis, evaluation, and management of persons of all ages with physical impairment and disability. This specialty involves diagnosis and treatment of patients with painful or functionally limiting conditions, the management of comorbidities and co-impairments, diagnostic and therapeutic injection procedures, electrodiagnostic medicine, and emphasis on prevention of problems of disability from minor conditions.